Marginalizing the Victim and the Political Body of the People
Keywords:
Victim, marginalization, sacralization, people, collective body, ungrievable life, politics of grief, precarity, performativity
Abstract
The article examines Judith Butler’s performative approach to the concept of the people, which allows to not only outline the boundaries of a certain model of political theology, so important for conservative political thought, but to also see the significance born by the acts of entry by collective bodies into public space. In this context, the figure of the victim can have a consolidating function, being the potentially affectively condensed point of the collective body’s assembling. The marginalization of the victim’s body is analyzed through the concept of the politics of grief and that of ungrievable lives. The victim’s marginalization is shown to be a multidimensional phenomenon. Not only the victim, but also the criminal can be marginalized, as well as various circumstances of catastrophic events and acts of violence. Examples taken from the Russian news in recent years illustrate how important the independent media audience’s perception of victims are: whether they perceive the victims they are informed about as marginal or as pertinent to their own lives and identities, whether the audience is ready to shift the boundaries toward greater inclusivity and to reinstate
a politics of grief to make them less conservative-oriented
References
Agamben, Giorgio (2000). “What Is a People?” In Means without End: Notes on Politics, 29–35. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Agamben, Giorgio (2005). “Movement.” UniNomadeSeminar. War and Democracy. https://www.generation-online.org/p/fpagamben3.htm.
Agamben, Giorgio (2011). The Kingdom and the Glory: Towards a Theoretical Genealogy of Economy and Government. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Allenova, Olga (2019). “V sferu opeki ne khotyat puskat’ NKO’. Komu i zachem nuzhen zakonoproekt o raspredelyonnoy opeke” [“Non-profit organization barred entry into foster care system.” Who needs the distributed foster care system and why]. Kommersant. https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/4004906.
Antonova, Yulia, and Svetlana Sirazhudinova (2018). “‘Ubitiye spletnyami.’ Ubiystva zhenshchin po motivam ‘chesti’ na Severnom Kavkaze. Otchyot po rezultatam kachestvennogo sotsiologicheskogo issledovaniya v respublikakh Dagestan, Ingushetiya i Chechnya (Rossiyskaya Federatsiya)” [“Murdered by rumors.” “Honor” killings of women in the northern Caucasus. Report on the basis of a qualitative sociological study in the republics of Dagestan, Ingushetiya and Chechnya (Rus- sian Federation)]. The “Pravovaya Initsiativa” Project. https://www.srji.org/upload/ iblock/681/Pravovaya_initsiativa_Otchet_UBITYE_SPLETNYAMI_2018.pdf.
Alexander, Jeffrey, Ron Eyerman, Bernard Giesen, Neil Smelser, and Piotr Sztompka (2004). Cultural Trauma and Collective Identity. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Alexander, Jeffrey (2003). The Meanings of Social Life: A Cultural Sociology. New York: Oxford University Press.
Benjamin, Walter (2021). Towards a Critique of Violence. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Berg, Yevgeniy (2018). “‘Deti priznalis,’ chto ikh etomu nauchili v detdome’. Vospitateley internata v Chelyabinskoy oblasti podozrevayut v iznasilovaniyakh vospitannikov” [“The children confessed that they were taught it at the orphanage.” Caregivers at a care home in Chelyabisk Oblast’ suspected in rape of children.] Meduza. https://meduza.io/feature/2018/02/20/vospitateli-internata-v-chely- abinskoy-oblasti-podozrevayutsya-v-tom-chto-god-nasilovali-detey-i-mogut-uy- ti-iz-pod-otvetstvennosti.
Blok, Mark (1998). Koroli-chudotvortsy. Ocherk predstavleniy o sverkhyestestvennom kharaktere korolevskoy vlasti, rasprostranennykh preimushchestvenno vo Frantsii i v Anglii. [Miracle-worker kings. An outline of the conceptions of the supernatural character of royal power, widesperead predominantly in France and England]. Moscow: Shkola “Yazyki Russkoy Kultury.”
Borisevich, Katerina (2020). “Vrach BSMP: ‘U Romana Bondarenko bylo nol’ promille alkogolya, voobshche nichego ne nashli’” [BSMP medic: Roman Bondarenko had 0ppm alcohol per blood, nothing was found]. TUT.BY. https://news.tut.by/soci- ety/707715.html?c.
Butler, Judith (2002). Antigone’s Claim. New York: Columbia University Press.
Butler, Judith (2004). Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence. London: Verso.
Butler, Judith. (2009). Frames of War: When Is Life Grievable? London: Verso.
Butler, Judith (2015). Notes Toward a Performative Theory of Assembly. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Butler, Judith, and Athena Athanasiou (2013). Dispossession: The Performative in the Political. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Burukhina, Natalya (2021). “‘Eto suitsid protesta’: SK snova otkazalsya vozbuzhdat’ ugologvnoye delo po samoubiystvu Iriny Slavinoy” [“It is a protest suicide”: The investigative committee has once again declined to open a criminal investigation into the suicide of Irina Slavina]. Nizhniy Novgorod Online. https://www.nn.ru/text/criminal/2021/02/02/69744195.
“Chelyabinsk: internat, v kotorom rasskazali ob iznasilovaniyakh, zakryt” [Chelyabinsk: Boarding school whose fosters spoke of rape closed] (2018). Radio Svoboda. https://www.svoboda.org/a/29174598.html.
“Delo o krusheniyi Tu-154 pod Sochi zakryto iz-za otsutstviya sostava prestupleniya” [Case concerning the Tu-154 crash near Sochi closed due to absence of corpus
delicti] (2019). Interfax. https://www.interfax.ru/russia/688629.
Derrida, Jacques (1986) Declarations of independence, New Political Science, 7:1, 7-15.
Dushenko, Konstantin (2011). Bol’shoj slovar’ citat i krylatyh vyrazhenij. (The large dictionary of quotes and proverbial expressions) Moscow: Eksmo.
Federmesser, Nyuta (2019). “Sistema PNI — eto sovremennyy GULAG dlya prestare- lykh i invalidov.” [Psycho-neurological residential institution system is a contem- porary GULAG for the elderly and the handicapped] Meduza. https://meduza.io/ feature/2019/06/26/sistema-pni-eto-sovremennyy-gulag-dlya-prestarelyh-i-invalidov.
Filimonov, Aleksandr (2020). “Na ulitsakh Minska poyavilis’ barrikady, spetsnaz primenil shumoviye granaty. Odin chelovek pogib. Glavnoye o vtoroy nochi pro- testov v Belarusi” [Barrcades appear on the streets of Minsk, special forces use percussion grenades. One person dead. Most important news from the second night of protests in belarus]. Meduza. https://meduza.io/feature/2020/08/11/na- ulitsah-minska-poyavilis-barrikady-spetsnaz-primenil-shumovye-granaty-odin- chelovek-pogib.
Girard, René (1972). La violence et le sacré. Paris: Grasset. “Gomoseksual iz Chechni: ‘Eto isstrebleniye geyev” [A homosexual from Chechnya:
“This is the extermination of gays” (2017). BBC Russian Service. https://www.bbc.com/russian/av/media-39668606.
Gorbachev, Aleksandr, Andrey Kozenko, Hila Cohen, and Sasha Sulim (2019). “V Chechnye snova presleduyut i pytayut geyev. S nachala dekabrya, vozmozhno, ubity neskolko chelovek” [Gays are once again persecuted and tortured in Chechn- ya: Several people possibly dead since beginning of December]. Meduza. https://meduza.io/feature/2019/01/14/v-chechne-snova-presleduyut-i-pytayut-geev-s- nachala-dekabrya-vozmozhno-ubity-neskolko-chelovek.
Gromov, Dmitry (2016). “Nemtsov most: pominal’nye praktiki v publichnom pros- transtve” [The Nemtsov Bridge: Funerary practices in public space]. Arheologiya russkoj smerti [Archeology of Russian death] 3: 52–66.
Itogoviy doklad Tsentra “Dosye” ob obstoyatelstvakh ubiystva Orkhana Dzhemalya, Aleksandra Rastorguyeva i Kirilla Radchenko v TSAR [Final report of the “Dossier Center” concerning the circumstance of the murders of Orhan Cemal, Aleksandr Rastorguyev and Kirill Radchenko in CAR] (2019). https://dossier.center/car.
Ivanenko, Elena (2020). “Khayp: proizvodstvo i potrebleniye affekta kollektivnym telom” [Hype: The production and consumption of affect by the collective body]. Mirgorod. 1.15: 254–91.
Jackson, Robert (2007). Sovereignty: The Evolution of an Idea. Cambridge: Polity Press.
“Kadyrov na vstreche s Putinym oproverg ‘provokatsionnyye statyi’ pro Chechnyu” [Kadyrov in a meeting with Putin denies “provocative articles” about Chechnya] (2017). Meduza. https://meduza.io/news/2017/04/19/kadyrov-na-vstreche-s-putinym-oproverg-provokatsionnye-stati-pro-chechnyu.
Kantorovich, Ernst (2014) Dva tela korolya. Issledovaniye po srednevekovoy politicheskoy teologii [The king’s two bodies. A study of medieval political theology]. Moscow:
Izdatelstvo Instituta Gaydara.
Kartashov, Aleksander, Natalya Burukhina (2020). “Ikh pozitsiya budet svedena k ee ‘sumashestviyu’: advokat Slavinoy otreagiroval na rech’ Putina” [Their position will reduce to her ‘insanity’: Slavin’s lawyer reacts to Putin’s speech] Nizhniy Novgorod Online. https://www.nn.ru/text/incidents/2020/12/11/69619936.
Khazov-Cassia, Sergey (2017). “Chechnya: gey-iskhod” [Chechnya: The gay exodus]. Radio Svoboda. https://www.svoboda.org/a/28417768.html.
Koretskaya, Marina (2017). “(Ne) naprasnye zhertvy: travma kak tochka sborki biopoliticheskogo kollektivnogo tela” [Victims (not) in vain: Trauma as an assembling point of the biopolitical collective body]. Mezhdunarodnyj zhurnal issledovanij kul’tury [International journal of cultural research] 4.29: 29–43.
Koretskaya, Marina (2017). “Cena parresii: istoriya Gipatii Aleksandrijskoj i fil’m A. Amenabara ‘Agora’” [The price of parrhesia: History of Hypatia of Alexandria and the movie “Agora” by A. Amenabar]. Vestnik Samarskoj gumanitarnoj akademii. Seriya: Filosofiya. Filologiya [Bulletin of the Samara Humanitarian Academy. Series: Philosophy. Philology] 1.19: 14–43.
Koretskaya, Marina (2019). “Narod kak nositel’ suverennosti i granicy politicheskoj teologii” [The people as carrier of sovereignty and the boundaries of political theology]. Sociodinamika [Sociodynamics] 1:10–19.
Litavrin, Maksim, David Frenekel, Yegor Skovoroda, and Anastasiya Boyko (2020). “Minsk izbitiy. Kak siloviki kalechili protestuyushchikh—issledovanie ‘Media- zony’” [Minsk is beaten: How law enforcement maimed protestors — a “Mediazona” investigation]. Mediazona. https://mediazona.by/article/2020/10/13/minsk-beaten.
“Lukashenko: na protesty vykhodyat lyudi s kriminal’nym proshlym i bezrabotnyye” [Lukashenko: People with a criminal past and the unemployed protesting] (2020). Kommersant. https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/4450948.
Мalkova, Marina (2019). “Ot obrusheniya doma do vzryva ‘Gazeli’: versiya, svyazy- vayushaya sobytiya poslednikh dney v Magnitogorske”a [From collapsing house to GAZelle explosion: A hypothesis linking events of the past few days in Magni- togorsk] Znak.com. https://www.znak.com/2019–01–03/versiya_svyazyvayuchaya_sobytiya_poslednih_dney_v_magnitogorske.
McIvor, David (2012). “Bringing Ourselves to Grief: Judith Butler and the Politics of Mourning.” Political Theory 40.4: 409–36.
Milashina, Elena (2017). “Ubiystvo chesti” [Honor killing]. Novaya Gazeta [New news- paper]. https://novayagazeta.ru/articles/2017/04/01/71983-ubiystvo-chesti.
Milashina, Elena (2021). “Kazn’ posle smerti” [Execution after death]. Novaya Gaze- ta [New newspaper]. https://novayagazeta.ru/articles/2021/02/15/89211-ka- zn-posle-smerti.
Milashina, Elena, and Irina Gordienko (2017). “Raspravy nad chechenskimi geya- mi” [Massacres of Chechen gays]. Novaya Gazeta [New newspaper]. https://novayagazeta.ru/articles/2017/04/04/72027-raspravy-nad-chechenskimi-geyami-publikuem-svidetelstva.
Milosevic, Anna (2017). “Remembering the Present: Dealing with the Memories of Terrorism in Europe.” Journal of Terrorism Research 8.2: 44–61.
“Minoborony obnarodovalo itogi rassledovaniya krusheniya Tu-154 pod Sochi [Minstry of defense publicized results of investigation into the crash of Tu-154 near Sochi]. Interfax. https://www.interfax.ru/russia/564720.
Mogutin, Nikita (2019). “My znaem, kto ustroil terakt v Magnitogorske. Boyeviki planirovali seriyu vzryvov v novogodnuyu noch” [We know who staged the terrorist attack in Magnitogorsk. Militants were planning a series of explosions on New Year’s Eve]. Baza. https://teletype.in/@baza/Hyh7RinfV?fbclid=IwAR2PFLAdo- qBR7pfd8JqDHTUn6RWv-Z1zpKPLKC_nhaDLP9FwzmfyTK64t_s.
Mouffe, Chantal (2000). The Democratic Paradox. London: Verso.
“Nasilie nad sirotami v detdome pod Chelyabinskom. Chto o nyom izvestno?” [Vio- lence against orphans in orphanage near Chelyabinsk. What do we know?] (2018).
BBC Russian Service. https://www.bbc.com/russian/features-43116926.
Nevzorova, Darya, and Maria Shramenko (2018). “Detdom uzhasov: malchiki-siroty rasskazali ob iznasilovaniyakh v internate pod Chelyabinskom” [Orphanage of horrors: Orphan boys tell of rape in an orphanage near Chelyabinsk]. 74.ru https://74.ru/text/criminal/399293416808452.html.
Petrenko, Sergey (2019). “O khode rassledovania prichin vzryva v pod’ezde zhilogo doma v Magnitogorske” [On the course of the investigation into the causes of explosion in the entrance hall of an apartment building in Magnitogorsk]. SK RF. https://sledcom.ru/news/item/1287597/?print=1.
“Pravozashchitniki opublikovali doklad o pytkakh v Belarusi” [Human rights activ- ists publish a report on torture in Belarus] (2021). TUT.BY. https://news.tut.by/ society/716536.html?c.
“Prichinoy Ubiystva Vosmi Soldat Sosluzhvtsem Nazvali Nervnyy Sryv” [Nervous breakdown named as reason for soldier killing eight comrades] (2019). Interfax. https://www.interfax.ru/russia/681784.
“‘Protivit’sya reforme sotsucherezhdeniy znachit byt’ storonnikom genotsida sobstven- nogo naroda’: Federmesser rasskazala o PNI v Rossii” [“To resist the reform of social service institutions is to support the genocide of your own people”: Federmesser speaks about psycho-neurological residential institutions in Russia] (2019). Novaya gazeta [New newspaper]. https://novayagazeta.ru/news/2019/06/26/152818-pro- tivitsya-reforme-sotsialnyh-uchrezhdeniy-znachit-byt-storonnikom-genotsi- da-sobstvennogo-naroda-nyuta-federmesser-rasskazala-o-ddi-i-pni-v-rossii.
Santino, Jack, ed. (2005). Spontaneous Shrines and Public Memorializations of Death. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Safonova, Kristina (2020). “Pokhozhe na ad na zemle. Prosto ad [It seems like hell on earth. Simply hell]. Meduza. https://meduza.io/feature/2020/08/13/k-vi- sku-pristavlyali-oruzhie-i-perezaryazhali.
Schmitt, Carl (1996). The Leviathan in the State Theory of Thomas Hobbes: Meaning and Failure of a Political Symbol. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
Schmitt, Carl (2001). State, Movement, People: The Triadic Structure of the Political Unity; The Question of Legality. Corvallis, OR: Plutarch Press.
Schmitt, Carl (2004) Political Theology: Four Chapters on the Concept of Sovereignty. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Schmitt, Carl (2007) The Concept of the Political. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Shilling, Chris, and Philip Mellor (2013). “‘Making Things Sacred’: Re-Theorizing the Nature and Function of Sacrifice in Modernity.” Journal of Classical Sociology 3: 319–37.
“Skandal v internate pod Chelyabinskom: ‘Devochku priveli na abort’” [A scandal in a boarding school in Chelyabinsk: “A girl brought in for an abortion”] (2018). Moskovskiy Komsomolets [Moscow Komsomol Member]. https://www.mk.ru/in- cident/2018/02/21/skandal-v-internate-pod-chelyabinskom-devochku-prive- li-na-abort.html.
“‘Stecheniye obstoyatelstv’. Kak vlasti Belarusi zakryvayut dela i sudy o gibeli lyudey na protestakh” [“Conjuncture.” How the Belarus authorities close cases and stop court proceedings concerning the deaths of protesters] (2021). BBC Russian Service. https://www.bbc.com/russian/features-56128669.
Sulim, Sasha (2017а). “Priznatsya v Chechnye, chto ty gey, mozhet byt smertelno opasno” [It may be deadly to admit that you are gay in Chechnya]. Meduza. https:// meduza.io/feature/2017/04/03/priznatsya-v-chechne-chto-ty-gey-mozhet-byt- smertelno-opasno.
Sulim, Sasha (2017b). “Presledovaniye chechenskikh geyev i ataka na ‘Novuyu Gazetu’: kak reagiruyut na etu istoriyu v Rossii i na Zapade” [The persecution of Chechen gays and attacks on Novaya Gazeta: Reactions to this story in Russia and the West]. Meduza. https://meduza.io/feature/2017/04/17/presledovanie-chechenskih-geev- i-ataka-na-novuyu-gazetu-chto-novogo.
Surkov, Vladislav (2017). “Dolgoye gosudarstvo Putinta” [Putin’s long government]. Nezavisimaya Gazeta [Independent newspaper]. http://www.ng.ru/
ideas/2019–02–11/5_7503_surkov.html.
“Svedeniya o massovykh zaderzhaniyakh v Chechnye predstaviteley seks. Menshinstv podtverzhdayutsya mnogochislennymi istochnikami” [Information about mass detentions of members of sexual minorities confirmed by many sources] (2017). Ekho Moskvy [Moscow echo]. https://echo.msk.ru/news/1955286-echo.html.
Tacitus (1982). The Annals. Trans. Alfred John Church and William Jackson Brodribb. Pennsylvania: The Franklin Press.
Torop, Anastasiya (2018). “V Chelyabinskoy oblasti SK vozbudil ugolovnoye delo ob iznasilovaniyakh vospitannikov detskogo doma” [The investigative committee opened a case concerning the rape of children in an orphanage]. Novaya Gaze- ta [New newspaper]. https://novayagazeta.ru/news/2018/02/19/139629-v-che- lyabinskoy-oblasti-sk-vozbudil-ugolovnoe-delo-ob-iznasilovaniyah-vospitan- nikov-detskogo-doma.
Tsybulski, Vladimir (2020). “V Minske umer 31-letniy storonnik oppozitsii Roman Bondarenko, kotorogo izbili na ‘Ploshchadi peremen’. Na aktsiyu ego pamyati prishli tysyachi lyudey” [31-year-old supporter of the opposition Roman Bondaren- ko, beaten on the “Square of Change,” dies in Minsk. Thousands of people attend commemorative event]. Meduza. https://meduza.io/feature/2020/11/13/v-min- ske-umer-31-letniy-storonnik-oppozitsii-roman-bondarenko-kotorogo-izbi- li-na-ploschadi-peremen-na-aktsiyu-ego-pamyati-prishli-tysyachi-lyudey.
“V Belarusi nayden mertvym propavshiy vo vremya protestov. Ego iskali 10 dney. [A man who vanished during protests found dead in Belarus. He was missing for 10 days]. (2020). Meduza. https://meduza.io/news/2020/08/23/v-belarusi-nayden- mertvym-propavshiy-vo-vremya-protestov-ego-iskali-10-dney.
Vasterman, Peter, ed. (2018). From Media Hype to Twitter Storm. News Explosions and Their Impact on Issues, Crises, and Public Opinion. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
Walker, Shaun (2017). “Chechens Tell of Prison Beatings and Electric Shocks in Anti-Gay Purge: ‘They Called Us Animals’.” Guardian. https://www.theguardian. com/world/2017/apr/13/they-called-us-animals-chechens-prison-beatings-elec- tric-shocks-anti-gay-purge.
Yampolski, Mikhail (2004). Fyziologiya simvolicheskogo. Kniga 1. Vozvrashcheniye Levi- afana. Politicheskaya teologiya, reprezentatsiya vlasti i konets Starogo rezhima. [The physiology of the symbolic. Book 1. Return of the Leviathan. Political theology, representation of power and the end of the old regime]. Moscow: Novoye liter- aturnoye obozreniye.
Zislin, Josef. “Chert-Inorodec-Bezumec. K voprosu o vozmozhnosti antropologichesk- ogo podhoda v vopriyatii terrorista. tezisy doklada k konferencii ‘Terror i kul’tu- ra’” [Devil-foreigner-madman. On the question of the possibility of an anthro- pological approach in the perception of a terrorist. Abstract of a report to the conference “Terror and Culture”]. https://independent.academia.edu/JosefZislin.
Žižek, Slavoj (2014). “The Impasses of Today ’s Radical Politics.” Crisis & Critique 1. http://crisiscritique.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Zizek_Politics.pdf.
Žižek, Slavoj (2014). Nakanune Gospodina [On the eve of the master]. Moscow: Evropa. Zygmont, Alexey (2020). “‘Sakralnaya zhertva.’ Proishozhdeniye i ustroystrvo putinskogo mifa” [“The sacred victim.” The source and structure of Putin’s myth]. Republic. https://republic.ru/posts/97502.
Agamben, Giorgio (2005). “Movement.” UniNomadeSeminar. War and Democracy. https://www.generation-online.org/p/fpagamben3.htm.
Agamben, Giorgio (2011). The Kingdom and the Glory: Towards a Theoretical Genealogy of Economy and Government. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Allenova, Olga (2019). “V sferu opeki ne khotyat puskat’ NKO’. Komu i zachem nuzhen zakonoproekt o raspredelyonnoy opeke” [“Non-profit organization barred entry into foster care system.” Who needs the distributed foster care system and why]. Kommersant. https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/4004906.
Antonova, Yulia, and Svetlana Sirazhudinova (2018). “‘Ubitiye spletnyami.’ Ubiystva zhenshchin po motivam ‘chesti’ na Severnom Kavkaze. Otchyot po rezultatam kachestvennogo sotsiologicheskogo issledovaniya v respublikakh Dagestan, Ingushetiya i Chechnya (Rossiyskaya Federatsiya)” [“Murdered by rumors.” “Honor” killings of women in the northern Caucasus. Report on the basis of a qualitative sociological study in the republics of Dagestan, Ingushetiya and Chechnya (Rus- sian Federation)]. The “Pravovaya Initsiativa” Project. https://www.srji.org/upload/ iblock/681/Pravovaya_initsiativa_Otchet_UBITYE_SPLETNYAMI_2018.pdf.
Alexander, Jeffrey, Ron Eyerman, Bernard Giesen, Neil Smelser, and Piotr Sztompka (2004). Cultural Trauma and Collective Identity. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Alexander, Jeffrey (2003). The Meanings of Social Life: A Cultural Sociology. New York: Oxford University Press.
Benjamin, Walter (2021). Towards a Critique of Violence. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Berg, Yevgeniy (2018). “‘Deti priznalis,’ chto ikh etomu nauchili v detdome’. Vospitateley internata v Chelyabinskoy oblasti podozrevayut v iznasilovaniyakh vospitannikov” [“The children confessed that they were taught it at the orphanage.” Caregivers at a care home in Chelyabisk Oblast’ suspected in rape of children.] Meduza. https://meduza.io/feature/2018/02/20/vospitateli-internata-v-chely- abinskoy-oblasti-podozrevayutsya-v-tom-chto-god-nasilovali-detey-i-mogut-uy- ti-iz-pod-otvetstvennosti.
Blok, Mark (1998). Koroli-chudotvortsy. Ocherk predstavleniy o sverkhyestestvennom kharaktere korolevskoy vlasti, rasprostranennykh preimushchestvenno vo Frantsii i v Anglii. [Miracle-worker kings. An outline of the conceptions of the supernatural character of royal power, widesperead predominantly in France and England]. Moscow: Shkola “Yazyki Russkoy Kultury.”
Borisevich, Katerina (2020). “Vrach BSMP: ‘U Romana Bondarenko bylo nol’ promille alkogolya, voobshche nichego ne nashli’” [BSMP medic: Roman Bondarenko had 0ppm alcohol per blood, nothing was found]. TUT.BY. https://news.tut.by/soci- ety/707715.html?c.
Butler, Judith (2002). Antigone’s Claim. New York: Columbia University Press.
Butler, Judith (2004). Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence. London: Verso.
Butler, Judith. (2009). Frames of War: When Is Life Grievable? London: Verso.
Butler, Judith (2015). Notes Toward a Performative Theory of Assembly. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Butler, Judith, and Athena Athanasiou (2013). Dispossession: The Performative in the Political. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Burukhina, Natalya (2021). “‘Eto suitsid protesta’: SK snova otkazalsya vozbuzhdat’ ugologvnoye delo po samoubiystvu Iriny Slavinoy” [“It is a protest suicide”: The investigative committee has once again declined to open a criminal investigation into the suicide of Irina Slavina]. Nizhniy Novgorod Online. https://www.nn.ru/text/criminal/2021/02/02/69744195.
“Chelyabinsk: internat, v kotorom rasskazali ob iznasilovaniyakh, zakryt” [Chelyabinsk: Boarding school whose fosters spoke of rape closed] (2018). Radio Svoboda. https://www.svoboda.org/a/29174598.html.
“Delo o krusheniyi Tu-154 pod Sochi zakryto iz-za otsutstviya sostava prestupleniya” [Case concerning the Tu-154 crash near Sochi closed due to absence of corpus
delicti] (2019). Interfax. https://www.interfax.ru/russia/688629.
Derrida, Jacques (1986) Declarations of independence, New Political Science, 7:1, 7-15.
Dushenko, Konstantin (2011). Bol’shoj slovar’ citat i krylatyh vyrazhenij. (The large dictionary of quotes and proverbial expressions) Moscow: Eksmo.
Federmesser, Nyuta (2019). “Sistema PNI — eto sovremennyy GULAG dlya prestare- lykh i invalidov.” [Psycho-neurological residential institution system is a contem- porary GULAG for the elderly and the handicapped] Meduza. https://meduza.io/ feature/2019/06/26/sistema-pni-eto-sovremennyy-gulag-dlya-prestarelyh-i-invalidov.
Filimonov, Aleksandr (2020). “Na ulitsakh Minska poyavilis’ barrikady, spetsnaz primenil shumoviye granaty. Odin chelovek pogib. Glavnoye o vtoroy nochi pro- testov v Belarusi” [Barrcades appear on the streets of Minsk, special forces use percussion grenades. One person dead. Most important news from the second night of protests in belarus]. Meduza. https://meduza.io/feature/2020/08/11/na- ulitsah-minska-poyavilis-barrikady-spetsnaz-primenil-shumovye-granaty-odin- chelovek-pogib.
Girard, René (1972). La violence et le sacré. Paris: Grasset. “Gomoseksual iz Chechni: ‘Eto isstrebleniye geyev” [A homosexual from Chechnya:
“This is the extermination of gays” (2017). BBC Russian Service. https://www.bbc.com/russian/av/media-39668606.
Gorbachev, Aleksandr, Andrey Kozenko, Hila Cohen, and Sasha Sulim (2019). “V Chechnye snova presleduyut i pytayut geyev. S nachala dekabrya, vozmozhno, ubity neskolko chelovek” [Gays are once again persecuted and tortured in Chechn- ya: Several people possibly dead since beginning of December]. Meduza. https://meduza.io/feature/2019/01/14/v-chechne-snova-presleduyut-i-pytayut-geev-s- nachala-dekabrya-vozmozhno-ubity-neskolko-chelovek.
Gromov, Dmitry (2016). “Nemtsov most: pominal’nye praktiki v publichnom pros- transtve” [The Nemtsov Bridge: Funerary practices in public space]. Arheologiya russkoj smerti [Archeology of Russian death] 3: 52–66.
Itogoviy doklad Tsentra “Dosye” ob obstoyatelstvakh ubiystva Orkhana Dzhemalya, Aleksandra Rastorguyeva i Kirilla Radchenko v TSAR [Final report of the “Dossier Center” concerning the circumstance of the murders of Orhan Cemal, Aleksandr Rastorguyev and Kirill Radchenko in CAR] (2019). https://dossier.center/car.
Ivanenko, Elena (2020). “Khayp: proizvodstvo i potrebleniye affekta kollektivnym telom” [Hype: The production and consumption of affect by the collective body]. Mirgorod. 1.15: 254–91.
Jackson, Robert (2007). Sovereignty: The Evolution of an Idea. Cambridge: Polity Press.
“Kadyrov na vstreche s Putinym oproverg ‘provokatsionnyye statyi’ pro Chechnyu” [Kadyrov in a meeting with Putin denies “provocative articles” about Chechnya] (2017). Meduza. https://meduza.io/news/2017/04/19/kadyrov-na-vstreche-s-putinym-oproverg-provokatsionnye-stati-pro-chechnyu.
Kantorovich, Ernst (2014) Dva tela korolya. Issledovaniye po srednevekovoy politicheskoy teologii [The king’s two bodies. A study of medieval political theology]. Moscow:
Izdatelstvo Instituta Gaydara.
Kartashov, Aleksander, Natalya Burukhina (2020). “Ikh pozitsiya budet svedena k ee ‘sumashestviyu’: advokat Slavinoy otreagiroval na rech’ Putina” [Their position will reduce to her ‘insanity’: Slavin’s lawyer reacts to Putin’s speech] Nizhniy Novgorod Online. https://www.nn.ru/text/incidents/2020/12/11/69619936.
Khazov-Cassia, Sergey (2017). “Chechnya: gey-iskhod” [Chechnya: The gay exodus]. Radio Svoboda. https://www.svoboda.org/a/28417768.html.
Koretskaya, Marina (2017). “(Ne) naprasnye zhertvy: travma kak tochka sborki biopoliticheskogo kollektivnogo tela” [Victims (not) in vain: Trauma as an assembling point of the biopolitical collective body]. Mezhdunarodnyj zhurnal issledovanij kul’tury [International journal of cultural research] 4.29: 29–43.
Koretskaya, Marina (2017). “Cena parresii: istoriya Gipatii Aleksandrijskoj i fil’m A. Amenabara ‘Agora’” [The price of parrhesia: History of Hypatia of Alexandria and the movie “Agora” by A. Amenabar]. Vestnik Samarskoj gumanitarnoj akademii. Seriya: Filosofiya. Filologiya [Bulletin of the Samara Humanitarian Academy. Series: Philosophy. Philology] 1.19: 14–43.
Koretskaya, Marina (2019). “Narod kak nositel’ suverennosti i granicy politicheskoj teologii” [The people as carrier of sovereignty and the boundaries of political theology]. Sociodinamika [Sociodynamics] 1:10–19.
Litavrin, Maksim, David Frenekel, Yegor Skovoroda, and Anastasiya Boyko (2020). “Minsk izbitiy. Kak siloviki kalechili protestuyushchikh—issledovanie ‘Media- zony’” [Minsk is beaten: How law enforcement maimed protestors — a “Mediazona” investigation]. Mediazona. https://mediazona.by/article/2020/10/13/minsk-beaten.
“Lukashenko: na protesty vykhodyat lyudi s kriminal’nym proshlym i bezrabotnyye” [Lukashenko: People with a criminal past and the unemployed protesting] (2020). Kommersant. https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/4450948.
Мalkova, Marina (2019). “Ot obrusheniya doma do vzryva ‘Gazeli’: versiya, svyazy- vayushaya sobytiya poslednikh dney v Magnitogorske”a [From collapsing house to GAZelle explosion: A hypothesis linking events of the past few days in Magni- togorsk] Znak.com. https://www.znak.com/2019–01–03/versiya_svyazyvayuchaya_sobytiya_poslednih_dney_v_magnitogorske.
McIvor, David (2012). “Bringing Ourselves to Grief: Judith Butler and the Politics of Mourning.” Political Theory 40.4: 409–36.
Milashina, Elena (2017). “Ubiystvo chesti” [Honor killing]. Novaya Gazeta [New news- paper]. https://novayagazeta.ru/articles/2017/04/01/71983-ubiystvo-chesti.
Milashina, Elena (2021). “Kazn’ posle smerti” [Execution after death]. Novaya Gaze- ta [New newspaper]. https://novayagazeta.ru/articles/2021/02/15/89211-ka- zn-posle-smerti.
Milashina, Elena, and Irina Gordienko (2017). “Raspravy nad chechenskimi geya- mi” [Massacres of Chechen gays]. Novaya Gazeta [New newspaper]. https://novayagazeta.ru/articles/2017/04/04/72027-raspravy-nad-chechenskimi-geyami-publikuem-svidetelstva.
Milosevic, Anna (2017). “Remembering the Present: Dealing with the Memories of Terrorism in Europe.” Journal of Terrorism Research 8.2: 44–61.
“Minoborony obnarodovalo itogi rassledovaniya krusheniya Tu-154 pod Sochi [Minstry of defense publicized results of investigation into the crash of Tu-154 near Sochi]. Interfax. https://www.interfax.ru/russia/564720.
Mogutin, Nikita (2019). “My znaem, kto ustroil terakt v Magnitogorske. Boyeviki planirovali seriyu vzryvov v novogodnuyu noch” [We know who staged the terrorist attack in Magnitogorsk. Militants were planning a series of explosions on New Year’s Eve]. Baza. https://teletype.in/@baza/Hyh7RinfV?fbclid=IwAR2PFLAdo- qBR7pfd8JqDHTUn6RWv-Z1zpKPLKC_nhaDLP9FwzmfyTK64t_s.
Mouffe, Chantal (2000). The Democratic Paradox. London: Verso.
“Nasilie nad sirotami v detdome pod Chelyabinskom. Chto o nyom izvestno?” [Vio- lence against orphans in orphanage near Chelyabinsk. What do we know?] (2018).
BBC Russian Service. https://www.bbc.com/russian/features-43116926.
Nevzorova, Darya, and Maria Shramenko (2018). “Detdom uzhasov: malchiki-siroty rasskazali ob iznasilovaniyakh v internate pod Chelyabinskom” [Orphanage of horrors: Orphan boys tell of rape in an orphanage near Chelyabinsk]. 74.ru https://74.ru/text/criminal/399293416808452.html.
Petrenko, Sergey (2019). “O khode rassledovania prichin vzryva v pod’ezde zhilogo doma v Magnitogorske” [On the course of the investigation into the causes of explosion in the entrance hall of an apartment building in Magnitogorsk]. SK RF. https://sledcom.ru/news/item/1287597/?print=1.
“Pravozashchitniki opublikovali doklad o pytkakh v Belarusi” [Human rights activ- ists publish a report on torture in Belarus] (2021). TUT.BY. https://news.tut.by/ society/716536.html?c.
“Prichinoy Ubiystva Vosmi Soldat Sosluzhvtsem Nazvali Nervnyy Sryv” [Nervous breakdown named as reason for soldier killing eight comrades] (2019). Interfax. https://www.interfax.ru/russia/681784.
“‘Protivit’sya reforme sotsucherezhdeniy znachit byt’ storonnikom genotsida sobstven- nogo naroda’: Federmesser rasskazala o PNI v Rossii” [“To resist the reform of social service institutions is to support the genocide of your own people”: Federmesser speaks about psycho-neurological residential institutions in Russia] (2019). Novaya gazeta [New newspaper]. https://novayagazeta.ru/news/2019/06/26/152818-pro- tivitsya-reforme-sotsialnyh-uchrezhdeniy-znachit-byt-storonnikom-genotsi- da-sobstvennogo-naroda-nyuta-federmesser-rasskazala-o-ddi-i-pni-v-rossii.
Santino, Jack, ed. (2005). Spontaneous Shrines and Public Memorializations of Death. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Safonova, Kristina (2020). “Pokhozhe na ad na zemle. Prosto ad [It seems like hell on earth. Simply hell]. Meduza. https://meduza.io/feature/2020/08/13/k-vi- sku-pristavlyali-oruzhie-i-perezaryazhali.
Schmitt, Carl (1996). The Leviathan in the State Theory of Thomas Hobbes: Meaning and Failure of a Political Symbol. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
Schmitt, Carl (2001). State, Movement, People: The Triadic Structure of the Political Unity; The Question of Legality. Corvallis, OR: Plutarch Press.
Schmitt, Carl (2004) Political Theology: Four Chapters on the Concept of Sovereignty. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Schmitt, Carl (2007) The Concept of the Political. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Shilling, Chris, and Philip Mellor (2013). “‘Making Things Sacred’: Re-Theorizing the Nature and Function of Sacrifice in Modernity.” Journal of Classical Sociology 3: 319–37.
“Skandal v internate pod Chelyabinskom: ‘Devochku priveli na abort’” [A scandal in a boarding school in Chelyabinsk: “A girl brought in for an abortion”] (2018). Moskovskiy Komsomolets [Moscow Komsomol Member]. https://www.mk.ru/in- cident/2018/02/21/skandal-v-internate-pod-chelyabinskom-devochku-prive- li-na-abort.html.
“‘Stecheniye obstoyatelstv’. Kak vlasti Belarusi zakryvayut dela i sudy o gibeli lyudey na protestakh” [“Conjuncture.” How the Belarus authorities close cases and stop court proceedings concerning the deaths of protesters] (2021). BBC Russian Service. https://www.bbc.com/russian/features-56128669.
Sulim, Sasha (2017а). “Priznatsya v Chechnye, chto ty gey, mozhet byt smertelno opasno” [It may be deadly to admit that you are gay in Chechnya]. Meduza. https:// meduza.io/feature/2017/04/03/priznatsya-v-chechne-chto-ty-gey-mozhet-byt- smertelno-opasno.
Sulim, Sasha (2017b). “Presledovaniye chechenskikh geyev i ataka na ‘Novuyu Gazetu’: kak reagiruyut na etu istoriyu v Rossii i na Zapade” [The persecution of Chechen gays and attacks on Novaya Gazeta: Reactions to this story in Russia and the West]. Meduza. https://meduza.io/feature/2017/04/17/presledovanie-chechenskih-geev- i-ataka-na-novuyu-gazetu-chto-novogo.
Surkov, Vladislav (2017). “Dolgoye gosudarstvo Putinta” [Putin’s long government]. Nezavisimaya Gazeta [Independent newspaper]. http://www.ng.ru/
ideas/2019–02–11/5_7503_surkov.html.
“Svedeniya o massovykh zaderzhaniyakh v Chechnye predstaviteley seks. Menshinstv podtverzhdayutsya mnogochislennymi istochnikami” [Information about mass detentions of members of sexual minorities confirmed by many sources] (2017). Ekho Moskvy [Moscow echo]. https://echo.msk.ru/news/1955286-echo.html.
Tacitus (1982). The Annals. Trans. Alfred John Church and William Jackson Brodribb. Pennsylvania: The Franklin Press.
Torop, Anastasiya (2018). “V Chelyabinskoy oblasti SK vozbudil ugolovnoye delo ob iznasilovaniyakh vospitannikov detskogo doma” [The investigative committee opened a case concerning the rape of children in an orphanage]. Novaya Gaze- ta [New newspaper]. https://novayagazeta.ru/news/2018/02/19/139629-v-che- lyabinskoy-oblasti-sk-vozbudil-ugolovnoe-delo-ob-iznasilovaniyah-vospitan- nikov-detskogo-doma.
Tsybulski, Vladimir (2020). “V Minske umer 31-letniy storonnik oppozitsii Roman Bondarenko, kotorogo izbili na ‘Ploshchadi peremen’. Na aktsiyu ego pamyati prishli tysyachi lyudey” [31-year-old supporter of the opposition Roman Bondaren- ko, beaten on the “Square of Change,” dies in Minsk. Thousands of people attend commemorative event]. Meduza. https://meduza.io/feature/2020/11/13/v-min- ske-umer-31-letniy-storonnik-oppozitsii-roman-bondarenko-kotorogo-izbi- li-na-ploschadi-peremen-na-aktsiyu-ego-pamyati-prishli-tysyachi-lyudey.
“V Belarusi nayden mertvym propavshiy vo vremya protestov. Ego iskali 10 dney. [A man who vanished during protests found dead in Belarus. He was missing for 10 days]. (2020). Meduza. https://meduza.io/news/2020/08/23/v-belarusi-nayden- mertvym-propavshiy-vo-vremya-protestov-ego-iskali-10-dney.
Vasterman, Peter, ed. (2018). From Media Hype to Twitter Storm. News Explosions and Their Impact on Issues, Crises, and Public Opinion. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
Walker, Shaun (2017). “Chechens Tell of Prison Beatings and Electric Shocks in Anti-Gay Purge: ‘They Called Us Animals’.” Guardian. https://www.theguardian. com/world/2017/apr/13/they-called-us-animals-chechens-prison-beatings-elec- tric-shocks-anti-gay-purge.
Yampolski, Mikhail (2004). Fyziologiya simvolicheskogo. Kniga 1. Vozvrashcheniye Levi- afana. Politicheskaya teologiya, reprezentatsiya vlasti i konets Starogo rezhima. [The physiology of the symbolic. Book 1. Return of the Leviathan. Political theology, representation of power and the end of the old regime]. Moscow: Novoye liter- aturnoye obozreniye.
Zislin, Josef. “Chert-Inorodec-Bezumec. K voprosu o vozmozhnosti antropologichesk- ogo podhoda v vopriyatii terrorista. tezisy doklada k konferencii ‘Terror i kul’tu- ra’” [Devil-foreigner-madman. On the question of the possibility of an anthro- pological approach in the perception of a terrorist. Abstract of a report to the conference “Terror and Culture”]. https://independent.academia.edu/JosefZislin.
Žižek, Slavoj (2014). “The Impasses of Today ’s Radical Politics.” Crisis & Critique 1. http://crisiscritique.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Zizek_Politics.pdf.
Žižek, Slavoj (2014). Nakanune Gospodina [On the eve of the master]. Moscow: Evropa. Zygmont, Alexey (2020). “‘Sakralnaya zhertva.’ Proishozhdeniye i ustroystrvo putinskogo mifa” [“The sacred victim.” The source and structure of Putin’s myth]. Republic. https://republic.ru/posts/97502.
Published
2021-07-29
How to Cite
Koretskaya, M. (2021). Marginalizing the Victim and the Political Body of the People. Stasis, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.33280/2310-3817-21-11-1-208-244
Section
Other Articles
Copyright (c) 2021 European University at St Petersburg
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
