«Тусовка», креативность и право на город: городское публичное пространство в России до и после протестной волны 2011–2012 годов
Ключевые слова:
креативность, оккупации городского пространства, пост- социалистические трансформации, протестное движение 2011–2012, публичное пространство.
Аннотация
Статья посвящена проблеме городского публичного пространства в российских городах в контексте протестов против фальсификации выборов в 2011–2012 годах. На волне движения «Occupy» значение городского пространства и борьба за него стали центральными темами дискуссий во всем мире, но, рассматривая протестные движения, важно обращаться к национальной и локальной специфике использования публичного пространства. Поэтому в статье внимание сосредоточено на пост-социалистических трансформациях публичного пространства в городах России: Санкт-Петербурге и Москве. Позиции, репрезентации и восприятие публичного пространства анализируются на основе медиа-материалов (СМИ и блоги рассматриваются наряду с официальными документами). Анализ показывает, насколько важным был вопрос пространства в российских послевыборных протестах 2011–2012 годов: протестующие стремились вернуть гражданам центральные и символически нагруженные части города, и, тем самым, вернуть политическую власть как таковую. Путь обретения пространства сегодня проходит не только через митинги и протестные акции, но также через разнообразные акции прямого действия, направленные на трансформацию городского пространства.
Литература
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Burgers, Jack (2000). “Urban Landscapes on Public Space in the Post-Industrial City.” Journal of Housing and the Built Environment 15.2: 145–164.
Calhoun, Craig (1992). Habermas and the Public Sphere. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Calhoun, Craig (2005). “Constitutional Patriotism and the Public Sphere: Interests, Identity, and Solidarity in the Integration of Europe.” International Journal of Pol- itics, Culture, and Society 18.3–4: 257–280.
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Fraser, Nancy (1992). “Rethinking the Public Sphere: A Contribution to the Critique of Actually Existing Democracy.” In Habermas and the Public Sphere, ed. Craig Cal- houn, 109–142. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
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Gladarev, Boris (2011). “Istoriko-kul’turnoe nasledie Peterburga: rozhdenie obshchest- vennosti iz dukha goroda” [Petersburg’s cultural and historical legacy: the birth of the public from the spirit of the city]. In Ot obshchestvennogo k publichnomu [From the communal to the public], ed. Oleg Kharkhordin. Saint Petersburg: Eu- ropean University Press, 69–304.
Graham, Stephen, and Alessandro Aurigi (1997). “Virtual Cities, Social Polarization, and the Crisis in Urban Public Space.” Journal of Urban Technology 4.1: 19–52.
Habermas, Jürgen (1974). “The Public Sphere: An Encyclopedia Article (1964).” Trans. Sara Lennox and Frank Lennox. New German Critique 3: 49–55.
Harvey, David (2011). “The Party of Wall Street Meets its Nemesis.” Verso Books Blog, October 28. http://www.versobooks.com/blogs/777-david-harvey-the-party-of- wall-street-meets-its-nemesis.
Harvey, David (2003). “The Right to the City.” International Journal of Urban and Re- gional Research 27.4: 939–941.
Hollis, Leo (2013). “Cities Belong to Us.” Aeon Magazine, July 18. http://www.aeonmag-azine.com/living-together/cities-thrive-when-public-space-is-really-public.
Ippolitov, Arkadii (2007). “Evropa na bullshit’e. Peterburgskie kartinki” [Europe on bullshit: pictures of Petersburg]. Russkaia zhizn’, October 12. http://www.rulife. ru/old/mode/article/317.
Jansen, Stef (2001). “The Streets of Beograd: Urban Space and Protest Identities in Ser- bia.” Political Geography 20: 35–55.
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Leitner, Helga, Jamie Peck, and Eric S. Sheppard, eds. (2007). Contesting Neoliberalism: Urban Frontiers. New York: Guilford Press.
Levinson, Aleksei (2012). Prostranstvo protesta. Moskovskie mitingi i soobshchestvo goro- zhan [The space of protest: the Moscow rallies and the community of city dwell- ers]. Moscow: Strelka Press.
Lofland, Lyn H. (1998). The Public Realm. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
Low, Setha (1997). “Urban Fear: Building the Fortress City.” City & Society 9.1: 53–71. Magun, Artemy (2011). “Communisme qui est, communisme à venir.” In L’idée du com-munisme, ed. Slavoj Žižek and Alain Badiou, 169–198. Paris: Lignes.
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Mitchell, Don (1995). “The End of Public Space? People’s Park, Definitions of the Public, and Democracy.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 85.1: 108–133. Mitchell, Don (2003). The Right to the City: Social Justice and the Fight for Public Space. New York: Guildford Press.
Nielsen, Finn Sivert (2004). The Eye of the Whirlwind: Russian Identity and Soviet Nation- Building. Quests for Meaning in a Soviet Metropolis. http://www.anthrobase.com/ Txt/N/Nielsen_F_S_03.htm.
Sennett, Richard (2012). “The Occupy movements have dramatised questions about public space: Who owns it? And who can use it?” LSE: British Politics and Policy Blog, October 10. http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/archives/27607.
Stanilov, Kiril (2007a). “Democracy, Markets, and Public Space in the Transitional Societies of Central and Eastern Europe.” In The Post-Socialist City, ed. Kiril Stanilov, 269–283. Dordrecht: Springer.
Stanilov, Kiril, ed. (2007b). The Post-Socialist City: Urban Form and Space Transforma- tions in Central and Eastern Europe after Socialism. Dordrecht: Springer.
Strategicheskii plan (1998). Strategicheskii plan Sankt-Peterburga [Saint Petersburg strategic plan]. Saint Petersburg: Proektnoe biuro “Strategicheskii plan dlia Sankt-Peterburga.”
Trubina, Elena (2012). “Protesty i goroda” [Protests and cities]. Russkii zhurnal, March 11. http://www.russ.ru/Mirovaya-povestka/Protesty-i-goroda.
Whyte, William H. (1988). City: Rediscovering the Center. New York: Doubleday.
Zhelnina, Anna (2011). “‘Learning to Use Public Space’: Perception of Urban Spaces in the Post-Soviet Context.” Paper presented at the Annual RC21 Conference, The Struggle to Belong: Dealing with Diversity in 21st Century Urban Settings, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, July 7–9. http://www.rc21.org/conferences/amster- dam2011/edocs/Session%2012/RT12-1-Zhelnina.pdf.
Zhelnina, Anna, Anisia Khokhlova, Elena Tykanova, and Oleg Pachenkov (2012).“Kak realizovat’ ‘pravo na gorod’?” [How can the “right to the city” be realized?]. Gaid- ar-Klub, March 19. http://club.gaidarfund.ru/articles/1162.
Allen, John (2006). “Ambient Power: Berlin’s Potsdamer Platz and the Seductive Logic of Public Spaces.” Urban Studies 43.2: 441–455.
Andrusz, Gregory (2007). “Wall and Mall: A Metaphor for Metamorphosis.” In The Ur- ban Mosaic of Post-Socialist Europe: Space, Institutions, Policy, ed. Sasha Tsencova and Zorica Nedović-Budić, 71– 90. Heidelberg, N.Y.: Physica.
Bikbov, Alexander (2011). “Introduction.” Laboratorium 3.3: 14–17. http://soclabo.org/ index.php/laboratorium/article/view/263/620.
Boym, Svetlana (1994). Common Places: Mythologies of Everyday Life in Russia. Cam- bridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Brenner, Neil, and Nik Theodore, eds. (2002). Spaces of Neoliberalism: Urban Restructuring in North America and Western Europe. Oxford: Blackwell.
Burgers, Jack (2000). “Urban Landscapes on Public Space in the Post-Industrial City.” Journal of Housing and the Built Environment 15.2: 145–164.
Calhoun, Craig (1992). Habermas and the Public Sphere. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Calhoun, Craig (2005). “Constitutional Patriotism and the Public Sphere: Interests, Identity, and Solidarity in the Integration of Europe.” International Journal of Pol- itics, Culture, and Society 18.3–4: 257–280.
Certeau, Michel de, Luce Giard, and Pierre Mayol (1998). The Practice of Everyday Life: Living and Cooking, Vol. 2. Trans. Timothy J. Tomasik. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Chuikina, Sof’ia (2003).”Imidzhi Peterburga v presse (1998–2003)” [Images of Peters- burg in the press (1998–2003)]. In Sankt-Peterburg v zerkale sotsiologii, ed. V.V. Kozlovskii, 59–79. Saint Petersburg: Sotsiologicheskoe obshchestvo im. M.M. Ko- valevskogo.
Engel, Barbara (2006). “Public Space in the Blue Cities in Russia.” Progress in Planning 66.3: 147–237.
Fraser, Nancy (1992). “Rethinking the Public Sphere: A Contribution to the Critique of Actually Existing Democracy.” In Habermas and the Public Sphere, ed. Craig Cal- houn, 109–142. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Gleb Suvorov, “Obshchestvo anonimnykh revoliutsionerov” [A society of anonymous revolutionaries], Slon, March 20, 2012. http://slon.ru/russia/obshchestvo_ anonimnykh_revolyutsionerov-765700.xhtml.
Gladarev, Boris (2011). “Istoriko-kul’turnoe nasledie Peterburga: rozhdenie obshchest- vennosti iz dukha goroda” [Petersburg’s cultural and historical legacy: the birth of the public from the spirit of the city]. In Ot obshchestvennogo k publichnomu [From the communal to the public], ed. Oleg Kharkhordin. Saint Petersburg: Eu- ropean University Press, 69–304.
Graham, Stephen, and Alessandro Aurigi (1997). “Virtual Cities, Social Polarization, and the Crisis in Urban Public Space.” Journal of Urban Technology 4.1: 19–52.
Habermas, Jürgen (1974). “The Public Sphere: An Encyclopedia Article (1964).” Trans. Sara Lennox and Frank Lennox. New German Critique 3: 49–55.
Harvey, David (2011). “The Party of Wall Street Meets its Nemesis.” Verso Books Blog, October 28. http://www.versobooks.com/blogs/777-david-harvey-the-party-of- wall-street-meets-its-nemesis.
Harvey, David (2003). “The Right to the City.” International Journal of Urban and Re- gional Research 27.4: 939–941.
Hollis, Leo (2013). “Cities Belong to Us.” Aeon Magazine, July 18. http://www.aeonmag-azine.com/living-together/cities-thrive-when-public-space-is-really-public.
Ippolitov, Arkadii (2007). “Evropa na bullshit’e. Peterburgskie kartinki” [Europe on bullshit: pictures of Petersburg]. Russkaia zhizn’, October 12. http://www.rulife. ru/old/mode/article/317.
Jansen, Stef (2001). “The Streets of Beograd: Urban Space and Protest Identities in Ser- bia.” Political Geography 20: 35–55.
Kurennoi, Vitalii (2012). “Derevnia v gorode. Urbanisticheskaia revolutsiia v Rossii ne zavershena” [The village in the city: the urban revolution in Russia has not been finished]. Novaia Gazeta, April 9. http://www.novayagazeta.ru/comments/52041. html.
Leitner, Helga, Jamie Peck, and Eric S. Sheppard, eds. (2007). Contesting Neoliberalism: Urban Frontiers. New York: Guilford Press.
Levinson, Aleksei (2012). Prostranstvo protesta. Moskovskie mitingi i soobshchestvo goro- zhan [The space of protest: the Moscow rallies and the community of city dwell- ers]. Moscow: Strelka Press.
Lofland, Lyn H. (1998). The Public Realm. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
Low, Setha (1997). “Urban Fear: Building the Fortress City.” City & Society 9.1: 53–71. Magun, Artemy (2011). “Communisme qui est, communisme à venir.” In L’idée du com-munisme, ed. Slavoj Žižek and Alain Badiou, 169–198. Paris: Lignes.
Marcuse, Peter (2013). “Blog #33 — The Five Paradoxes of Public Space, with Propos-als.” Peter Marcuse’s Blog, May 12. http://pmarcuse.wordpress.com/2013/05/12/ blog-33-the-five-paradoxes-of-public-space-with-proposals.
Mitchell, Don (1995). “The End of Public Space? People’s Park, Definitions of the Public, and Democracy.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 85.1: 108–133. Mitchell, Don (2003). The Right to the City: Social Justice and the Fight for Public Space. New York: Guildford Press.
Nielsen, Finn Sivert (2004). The Eye of the Whirlwind: Russian Identity and Soviet Nation- Building. Quests for Meaning in a Soviet Metropolis. http://www.anthrobase.com/ Txt/N/Nielsen_F_S_03.htm.
Sennett, Richard (2012). “The Occupy movements have dramatised questions about public space: Who owns it? And who can use it?” LSE: British Politics and Policy Blog, October 10. http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/archives/27607.
Stanilov, Kiril (2007a). “Democracy, Markets, and Public Space in the Transitional Societies of Central and Eastern Europe.” In The Post-Socialist City, ed. Kiril Stanilov, 269–283. Dordrecht: Springer.
Stanilov, Kiril, ed. (2007b). The Post-Socialist City: Urban Form and Space Transforma- tions in Central and Eastern Europe after Socialism. Dordrecht: Springer.
Strategicheskii plan (1998). Strategicheskii plan Sankt-Peterburga [Saint Petersburg strategic plan]. Saint Petersburg: Proektnoe biuro “Strategicheskii plan dlia Sankt-Peterburga.”
Trubina, Elena (2012). “Protesty i goroda” [Protests and cities]. Russkii zhurnal, March 11. http://www.russ.ru/Mirovaya-povestka/Protesty-i-goroda.
Whyte, William H. (1988). City: Rediscovering the Center. New York: Doubleday.
Zhelnina, Anna (2011). “‘Learning to Use Public Space’: Perception of Urban Spaces in the Post-Soviet Context.” Paper presented at the Annual RC21 Conference, The Struggle to Belong: Dealing with Diversity in 21st Century Urban Settings, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, July 7–9. http://www.rc21.org/conferences/amster- dam2011/edocs/Session%2012/RT12-1-Zhelnina.pdf.
Zhelnina, Anna, Anisia Khokhlova, Elena Tykanova, and Oleg Pachenkov (2012).“Kak realizovat’ ‘pravo na gorod’?” [How can the “right to the city” be realized?]. Gaid- ar-Klub, March 19. http://club.gaidarfund.ru/articles/1162.
Опубликован
2014-06-25
Как цитировать
Zhelnina, A. (2014). «Тусовка», креативность и право на город: городское публичное пространство в России до и после протестной волны 2011–2012 годов. Stasis, 2(1). извлечено от https://stasisjournal.net/index.php/journal/article/view/70
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Статьи
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