Эффективность идеологии и возможности искусства: альтюссерианский подход
Ключевые слова:
Альтюссер, вера, идеология, парадоксальная интервенция, паранойя, субъективация, убеждение, художественное исследование
Аннотация
Теория идеологии Луи Альтюссера позволяет нам давать отчет обо всех видах радостного повиновения, проявляемого индивидами. Этой теории не требуется предпосылка о нехватке знания или «ложном сознании» у субъективированных индивидов. Поэтому она представляет собой важнейший инструмент для объяснения особой политической эффективности искусства. Эта эффективность не произрастает из какойлибо новой «информации», как то предполагалось основными тенденциями в так называемом политическом или документальном искусстве начиная с 1990х гг., и до сих пор подразумевается в популярном понятии «художественного исследования». Напротив, чтобы быть политически действенным, искусство должно проблематизировать не знание, но те конкретные субъективации, через которые прошли индивиды. Дополнив альтюссеровский фрагментарный анализ субъективации различением между «верованием» и «верой», введенным Октавом Маннони, и добавив в качестве третьей категории «паранойю», можно определить типы субъективации, господствующие в современных западных обществах, а также выходы из этих субъективаций, которые может предложить критическое искусство. Художественные стратегии выхода за пределы форм веры и паранойи будут проанализированы на примере работ Джона Хартфилда, Бернарда Мандевиля и Кристофа Шлингензифа.
Литература
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Alain (1973). Alain on Happiness. Trans. Jane E. Cottrell and Robert D. Cottrell. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co.
Albrecht, Horst (1993). Die Religion der Massenmedien. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer.
Althusser, Louis (1969). “Préface: du Capital à la philosophie de Marx” [1965]. In Lire le Capital. 2nd ed., ed. Louis Althusser, Étienne Balibar, Roger Establet, Jacques Rancière, and Pierre Macherey, 9–85. Paris: Maspéro.
Althusser, Louis (1986). Pour Marx. Paris: La Découverte.
Althusser, Louis (1990). Philosophy and the Spontaneous Philosophy of the Scientists and Other Essays. London: Verso.
Althusser, Louis (1993). “Trois notes sur la théorie des discours” [1966]. In Écrits sur la psychanalyse, 111–71. Paris: Stock/IMEC.
Althusser, Louis (1994). L’avenir dure longtemps, suivi de Les faits, 2nd augmented ed. Paris: Stock/ IMEC.
Althusser, Louis (1995). Sur la Reproduction. Paris: PUF.
Althusser, Louis (2006). Reading Capital. Trans. Ben Brewster. London: Verso. Althusser, Louis (2008). On Ideology. London: Verso.
Althusser, Louis (2014). Initiation à la philosophie pour les non-philosophes. Paris: PUF.
Assmann, Jan (2003). Die mosaische unterscheidung oder der preis des monotheismus. Munich: Carl Hanser.
Bachelard, Gaston (1953). Le Matérialisme rationnel. Paris: Presses universitaires de France.
Bachelard, Gaston (2002). The Formation of the Scientific Mind: a Contribution to a Psychoanalysis of Objective Knowledge. Trans. Mary McAllester Jones. Manchester: Clinamen Press Ltd.
Bennett, Tony (1979). Formalism and Marxism. London: Methuen.
Bozovic, Miran (2000). An Utterly Dark Spot. Gaze and Body in Early Modern Philosophy. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Brecht, Bertolt (1984). Die Gedichte von Bertolt Brecht in einem Band. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.
Butler, Judith (1995). “Conscience Doth Make Subjects of Us All.” Yale French Studies 88 (Althusser, Louis, and Étienne Balibar. Macherey and the Labor of Reading): 6–26.
Caillois, Roger (2001). Man, Play and Games.Trans. Meyer Barash. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Copjec, Joan (1994). “The Sartorial Superego.” In Read My Desire. Lacan against the His- toricists, 65–116. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Deleuze, Gilles, and Félix Guattari (1983). Anti-Oedipus [1972]. Trans. Robert Hurley, Mark Seem, and Helen R. Lane. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Dolar, Mladen (1991). “Jenseits der Anrufung.” In Gestalten der Autorität. Seminar der LaibacherLacan-Schule, 9–25. Vienna: Hora.
Durkheim, Emile (2008). The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. Trans. Carol Cosman. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Elliott, Gregory (1987). Althusser: The Detour of Theory. London: Verso.
Engels, Friedrich (1973). The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State. New York: Pathfinder Press.
Evans, Dylan (1996). An Introductory Dictionary of Lacanian Psychoanalysis. New York: Routledge.
Freud, Sigmund (1999). “The Interpretation of Dreams” [1900a]. In The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud [SE], Vol. 4–5. London: The Hogarth Press.
Freud, Sigmund (1999). Jokes and their Relation to the Unconscious [1905c]. SE 8.
Freud, Sigmund (1999). Obsessive Actions and Religious Practices [1907b]. SE 9, 115–27.
Freud, Sigmund (1999). Totem and Taboo [1912–13]. SE 13, 1–161.
Freud, Sigmund (1999). On Narcissism: An Introduction [1914c]. SE 14, 67–102.
Freud, Sigmund (1999). Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego [1921c]. SE 18, 67–143.
Freud, Sigmund (1999). The Future of an Illusion [1927c]. SE 21, 3–56.
Gludowatz, Karin, ed. (2004). Auf den Spuren des Realen: Kunst und Dokumentarismus. Vienna: MUMOK.
Grunberger, Bélaand Pierre Dessuant (1997). Narcissisme, Christianisme et Antisemitisme. Etude psychoanalytique. Arles: Actes Sud.
Friedlander, Jennifer (2013). “Public Art and Radical Democracy: Christoph Schlingen- sief’s Deportation Installation.” In Urbanity. The Discreet Symptoms of Privatiza- tion and the Loss of Urbanity, 11–17. Vienna: Privately prinited by content.associates.
HellerRoazen, Daniel (2007). The Inner Touch: Archaeology of a Sensation. New York: Zone Books.
Huizinga, Johan (1955). Homo Ludens.A Study of the Play-Element in Culture. Boston: Beacon Press.
Humphrey, Caroline and James Laidlaw (1994). The Archetypal Actions of Ritual. A Theory of Ritual Illustrated by the Jain Rite of Worship. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Institut für Sozialforschung (1956). Soziologische Exkurse. Nach Vorträgen und Diskussionen. Frankfurt: Europäische Verlagsanstalt.
Jochum, Christian (2000). Fernsehen als Religion. Diplomathesis, University of Innsbruck.
Kant, Immanuel (2006). Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View [1798]. Ed. Robert B. Louden. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lacan, Jacques (1988) The Seminar. Book I. Freud’s Papers on Technique [1953–54]. Trans. Sylvana Tomaselli. New York: Norton.
LaquièzeWaniek, Eva and Robert Pfaller, eds. (2013). Die letzten Tage der Klischees. Übertragungen in Psychoanalyse, Kunst und Gesellschaft. Vienna: Turia + Kant.
Lilienthal, Matthias and Claus Philipp (2000). Schlingensiefs ausländer raus: bitte liebt Österreich. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.
Luks, Fred (2002). Nachhaltigkeit. Hamburg: Europäische Verlagsanstalt.
Luks, Fred (2014). Öko-Populismus: warum einfache “Lösungen,” Unwissen und Meinungsterror unsere Zukunft bedrohen. Marburg: Metropolis.
Mandeville, Bernard (1980). Die Bienenfabel oder Private Laster, öffentliche Vorteile/The GrumblingHiveorKnavesturn’d Honest.[1705]. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.
Mannoni, Octave (1985). “La désidentification.” In Le Moi et l’Autre, ed. J. Dor, 61–79. Paris: Denoël.
Mannoni, Octave (2003). “I Know Well, But All the Same…” In Perversion and the Social Relation, eds. M. A. Rothenberg and D. Foster, 68–92. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Marx, Karl (1844). A Contribution to the Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right. www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1843/critiquehpr/intro.htm.
Marx, Karl (1976). “Zur kritik der Hegelschen rechtsphilosophie. Einleitung” [1844]. In Engels, Friedrich and Karl Marx. Werke, Bd. 1, 378–391. Berlin: Dietz.
Marx, Karl (1971). “Einleitung [zur Kritik der politischen Ökonomie]” [1857]. In Engels, Friedrich and Karl Marx. Werke, Bd. 13, 615–42. Berlin: Dietz.
Marx, Karl (1863). “Abschweifung über produktive arbeit.” In Engels, Friedrich and Karl Marx. Werke, Bd. 26.1, 363–364. https://www.marxists.org/deutsch/archiv/marx engels/1863/tumw/standard/add1.htm#mew26.1p363_add111.
McLuhan, Marshall (1987). Understanding Media. The Extensions Of Man [1964]. Lon- don: Ark Paperbacks.
Nietzsche, Friedrich (1984). “Zur Genealogie der Moral” [1887]. In Werke, Bd. III, ed. Karl Schlechta, 207–346. Frankfurt: Ullstein Materialen.
Orwell, George (1971). Inside the Whale and Other Essays. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.
Pfaller, Robert (2011). Wofür es sich zu leben lohnt. Elemente materialistischer Philoso- phie. Frankfurt: Fischer.
Pfaller, Robert (2013).“Vier Fragen an Robert Pfaller, Interview von Tobi Müller.” Monopol http://www.monopolmagazin.de/RobertPfallerinterviewhalle14-leipzig.
Pfaller, Robert (2014). On the Pleasure Principle in Culture: Illusions without Owners. Trans. Lisa Rosenblatt. London: Verso.
Pfaller, Robert (2015). “The Althusserian Battlegrounds.” In Slavoj Žižek and Dialectical Materialism, eds. Agon Hamza and Frank Ruda, 23–42. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Rancière, Jacques (2009) The Emancipated Spectator. Trans. Gregory Elliott. London: Verso.
Reich, Wilhelm (1970). The Mass Psychology of Fascism. Trans. Vincent Carfagno. New York: Farrar, Strauss, and Giroux.
Sennett, Richard (1977). The Fall of Public Man. New York: Knopf.
Sonderegger, Ruth (2014). Art and Ideology Critique after ’89 / Kunst und Ideologiekritiknach ’89. Eds. Eva Birkenstock et al., 172–175. Bregenz: Kunsthaus Bregenz.
Sontag, Susan (2001). Against Interpretation and Other Essays. New York: Picador.
Spinoza, Benedict de (1955). On the Improvement of the Understanding, The Ethics, Correspondence. New York: Dover Publications.
Spinoza, Benedict de (2002). Complete Works. Trans. Samuel Shirley. Indianapolis: Hackett.
Spinoza, Benedict de (2007). Theological-Political Treatise. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Tertullian [Tertullianus, Quintus Septimius] (2008). De spectaculis. Über die spiele. Stuttgart: Reclam.
Thomas, Günter (1996). Medien—Ritual—Religion. Zur religiösen funktion des fernsehens, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.
Ullrich, Wolfgang (2005). “Je ne sais quoi. Warum es auf die frage ‘Was ist Kunst?’ keine Antwort gibt.” In Was war kunst? Biographien eines begriffs, 9–30. Frankfurt: Fischer.
Veyne, Paul (1988). Did the Greeks Believe in Their Myths? An Essay on the Constitutive Imagination. Trans. Paula Wissing. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Weber, Max (1988). “Die protestantische ethik und der geist des kapitalismus” [1905]. In Gesammelte aufsätzezur religionssoziologie I, 1–206. Tübingen: Mohr.
Žižek, Slavoj (1988). “Das subjekt vor der subjektwerdung.” Kulturrevolution 20: 36–37.
Žižek, Slavoj (1993). Tarrying with the Negative. Kant, Hegel and the Critique of Ideology. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Žižek, Slavoj (2000). The Fragile Absolute–or, why is the Christian legacy worth fighting for? London: Verso.
Žižek, Slavoj (2014). Absolute Recoil. Toward a New Foundation of Dialectical Materialism. London: Verso.
Alain (1973). Alain on Happiness. Trans. Jane E. Cottrell and Robert D. Cottrell. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co.
Albrecht, Horst (1993). Die Religion der Massenmedien. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer.
Althusser, Louis (1969). “Préface: du Capital à la philosophie de Marx” [1965]. In Lire le Capital. 2nd ed., ed. Louis Althusser, Étienne Balibar, Roger Establet, Jacques Rancière, and Pierre Macherey, 9–85. Paris: Maspéro.
Althusser, Louis (1986). Pour Marx. Paris: La Découverte.
Althusser, Louis (1990). Philosophy and the Spontaneous Philosophy of the Scientists and Other Essays. London: Verso.
Althusser, Louis (1993). “Trois notes sur la théorie des discours” [1966]. In Écrits sur la psychanalyse, 111–71. Paris: Stock/IMEC.
Althusser, Louis (1994). L’avenir dure longtemps, suivi de Les faits, 2nd augmented ed. Paris: Stock/ IMEC.
Althusser, Louis (1995). Sur la Reproduction. Paris: PUF.
Althusser, Louis (2006). Reading Capital. Trans. Ben Brewster. London: Verso. Althusser, Louis (2008). On Ideology. London: Verso.
Althusser, Louis (2014). Initiation à la philosophie pour les non-philosophes. Paris: PUF.
Assmann, Jan (2003). Die mosaische unterscheidung oder der preis des monotheismus. Munich: Carl Hanser.
Bachelard, Gaston (1953). Le Matérialisme rationnel. Paris: Presses universitaires de France.
Bachelard, Gaston (2002). The Formation of the Scientific Mind: a Contribution to a Psychoanalysis of Objective Knowledge. Trans. Mary McAllester Jones. Manchester: Clinamen Press Ltd.
Bennett, Tony (1979). Formalism and Marxism. London: Methuen.
Bozovic, Miran (2000). An Utterly Dark Spot. Gaze and Body in Early Modern Philosophy. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Brecht, Bertolt (1984). Die Gedichte von Bertolt Brecht in einem Band. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.
Butler, Judith (1995). “Conscience Doth Make Subjects of Us All.” Yale French Studies 88 (Althusser, Louis, and Étienne Balibar. Macherey and the Labor of Reading): 6–26.
Caillois, Roger (2001). Man, Play and Games.Trans. Meyer Barash. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Copjec, Joan (1994). “The Sartorial Superego.” In Read My Desire. Lacan against the His- toricists, 65–116. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Deleuze, Gilles, and Félix Guattari (1983). Anti-Oedipus [1972]. Trans. Robert Hurley, Mark Seem, and Helen R. Lane. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Dolar, Mladen (1991). “Jenseits der Anrufung.” In Gestalten der Autorität. Seminar der LaibacherLacan-Schule, 9–25. Vienna: Hora.
Durkheim, Emile (2008). The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. Trans. Carol Cosman. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Elliott, Gregory (1987). Althusser: The Detour of Theory. London: Verso.
Engels, Friedrich (1973). The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State. New York: Pathfinder Press.
Evans, Dylan (1996). An Introductory Dictionary of Lacanian Psychoanalysis. New York: Routledge.
Freud, Sigmund (1999). “The Interpretation of Dreams” [1900a]. In The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud [SE], Vol. 4–5. London: The Hogarth Press.
Freud, Sigmund (1999). Jokes and their Relation to the Unconscious [1905c]. SE 8.
Freud, Sigmund (1999). Obsessive Actions and Religious Practices [1907b]. SE 9, 115–27.
Freud, Sigmund (1999). Totem and Taboo [1912–13]. SE 13, 1–161.
Freud, Sigmund (1999). On Narcissism: An Introduction [1914c]. SE 14, 67–102.
Freud, Sigmund (1999). Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego [1921c]. SE 18, 67–143.
Freud, Sigmund (1999). The Future of an Illusion [1927c]. SE 21, 3–56.
Gludowatz, Karin, ed. (2004). Auf den Spuren des Realen: Kunst und Dokumentarismus. Vienna: MUMOK.
Grunberger, Bélaand Pierre Dessuant (1997). Narcissisme, Christianisme et Antisemitisme. Etude psychoanalytique. Arles: Actes Sud.
Friedlander, Jennifer (2013). “Public Art and Radical Democracy: Christoph Schlingen- sief’s Deportation Installation.” In Urbanity. The Discreet Symptoms of Privatiza- tion and the Loss of Urbanity, 11–17. Vienna: Privately prinited by content.associates.
HellerRoazen, Daniel (2007). The Inner Touch: Archaeology of a Sensation. New York: Zone Books.
Huizinga, Johan (1955). Homo Ludens.A Study of the Play-Element in Culture. Boston: Beacon Press.
Humphrey, Caroline and James Laidlaw (1994). The Archetypal Actions of Ritual. A Theory of Ritual Illustrated by the Jain Rite of Worship. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Institut für Sozialforschung (1956). Soziologische Exkurse. Nach Vorträgen und Diskussionen. Frankfurt: Europäische Verlagsanstalt.
Jochum, Christian (2000). Fernsehen als Religion. Diplomathesis, University of Innsbruck.
Kant, Immanuel (2006). Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View [1798]. Ed. Robert B. Louden. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lacan, Jacques (1988) The Seminar. Book I. Freud’s Papers on Technique [1953–54]. Trans. Sylvana Tomaselli. New York: Norton.
LaquièzeWaniek, Eva and Robert Pfaller, eds. (2013). Die letzten Tage der Klischees. Übertragungen in Psychoanalyse, Kunst und Gesellschaft. Vienna: Turia + Kant.
Lilienthal, Matthias and Claus Philipp (2000). Schlingensiefs ausländer raus: bitte liebt Österreich. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.
Luks, Fred (2002). Nachhaltigkeit. Hamburg: Europäische Verlagsanstalt.
Luks, Fred (2014). Öko-Populismus: warum einfache “Lösungen,” Unwissen und Meinungsterror unsere Zukunft bedrohen. Marburg: Metropolis.
Mandeville, Bernard (1980). Die Bienenfabel oder Private Laster, öffentliche Vorteile/The GrumblingHiveorKnavesturn’d Honest.[1705]. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.
Mannoni, Octave (1985). “La désidentification.” In Le Moi et l’Autre, ed. J. Dor, 61–79. Paris: Denoël.
Mannoni, Octave (2003). “I Know Well, But All the Same…” In Perversion and the Social Relation, eds. M. A. Rothenberg and D. Foster, 68–92. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Marx, Karl (1844). A Contribution to the Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right. www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1843/critiquehpr/intro.htm.
Marx, Karl (1976). “Zur kritik der Hegelschen rechtsphilosophie. Einleitung” [1844]. In Engels, Friedrich and Karl Marx. Werke, Bd. 1, 378–391. Berlin: Dietz.
Marx, Karl (1971). “Einleitung [zur Kritik der politischen Ökonomie]” [1857]. In Engels, Friedrich and Karl Marx. Werke, Bd. 13, 615–42. Berlin: Dietz.
Marx, Karl (1863). “Abschweifung über produktive arbeit.” In Engels, Friedrich and Karl Marx. Werke, Bd. 26.1, 363–364. https://www.marxists.org/deutsch/archiv/marx engels/1863/tumw/standard/add1.htm#mew26.1p363_add111.
McLuhan, Marshall (1987). Understanding Media. The Extensions Of Man [1964]. Lon- don: Ark Paperbacks.
Nietzsche, Friedrich (1984). “Zur Genealogie der Moral” [1887]. In Werke, Bd. III, ed. Karl Schlechta, 207–346. Frankfurt: Ullstein Materialen.
Orwell, George (1971). Inside the Whale and Other Essays. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.
Pfaller, Robert (2011). Wofür es sich zu leben lohnt. Elemente materialistischer Philoso- phie. Frankfurt: Fischer.
Pfaller, Robert (2013).“Vier Fragen an Robert Pfaller, Interview von Tobi Müller.” Monopol http://www.monopolmagazin.de/RobertPfallerinterviewhalle14-leipzig.
Pfaller, Robert (2014). On the Pleasure Principle in Culture: Illusions without Owners. Trans. Lisa Rosenblatt. London: Verso.
Pfaller, Robert (2015). “The Althusserian Battlegrounds.” In Slavoj Žižek and Dialectical Materialism, eds. Agon Hamza and Frank Ruda, 23–42. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Rancière, Jacques (2009) The Emancipated Spectator. Trans. Gregory Elliott. London: Verso.
Reich, Wilhelm (1970). The Mass Psychology of Fascism. Trans. Vincent Carfagno. New York: Farrar, Strauss, and Giroux.
Sennett, Richard (1977). The Fall of Public Man. New York: Knopf.
Sonderegger, Ruth (2014). Art and Ideology Critique after ’89 / Kunst und Ideologiekritiknach ’89. Eds. Eva Birkenstock et al., 172–175. Bregenz: Kunsthaus Bregenz.
Sontag, Susan (2001). Against Interpretation and Other Essays. New York: Picador.
Spinoza, Benedict de (1955). On the Improvement of the Understanding, The Ethics, Correspondence. New York: Dover Publications.
Spinoza, Benedict de (2002). Complete Works. Trans. Samuel Shirley. Indianapolis: Hackett.
Spinoza, Benedict de (2007). Theological-Political Treatise. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Tertullian [Tertullianus, Quintus Septimius] (2008). De spectaculis. Über die spiele. Stuttgart: Reclam.
Thomas, Günter (1996). Medien—Ritual—Religion. Zur religiösen funktion des fernsehens, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.
Ullrich, Wolfgang (2005). “Je ne sais quoi. Warum es auf die frage ‘Was ist Kunst?’ keine Antwort gibt.” In Was war kunst? Biographien eines begriffs, 9–30. Frankfurt: Fischer.
Veyne, Paul (1988). Did the Greeks Believe in Their Myths? An Essay on the Constitutive Imagination. Trans. Paula Wissing. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Weber, Max (1988). “Die protestantische ethik und der geist des kapitalismus” [1905]. In Gesammelte aufsätzezur religionssoziologie I, 1–206. Tübingen: Mohr.
Žižek, Slavoj (1988). “Das subjekt vor der subjektwerdung.” Kulturrevolution 20: 36–37.
Žižek, Slavoj (1993). Tarrying with the Negative. Kant, Hegel and the Critique of Ideology. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Žižek, Slavoj (2000). The Fragile Absolute–or, why is the Christian legacy worth fighting for? London: Verso.
Žižek, Slavoj (2014). Absolute Recoil. Toward a New Foundation of Dialectical Materialism. London: Verso.
Опубликован
2016-12-10
Как цитировать
Pfaller, R. (2016). Эффективность идеологии и возможности искусства: альтюссерианский подход. Stasis, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.33280/2310-3817-2016-4-2-40-67
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