«Когда родился Цезарь?» Теория и практика истины у Плеханова и Богданова
Ключевые слова:
диалектический материализм, теория познания, объективная истина, догматизм, научный социализм, русский марксизм
Аннотация
Несмотря на то что политические различия между фракциями Российской социал-демократической рабочей партии (РСДРП) довольно хорошо изучены, теоретические дебаты о природе марксизма, а также их роль в определении программы партии и стратегических решений по-прежнему нуждаются в глубоком осмыслении. Одна из таких теоретических дискуссий — вопрос о природе (абсолютной) истины — является предметом рассмотрения в данной статье. Изначально полемика велась между Георгием Плехановым, одним из наиболее уважаемых представителей раннего русского марксизма, и группой теоретиков, сосредоточенной вокруг Александра Богданова, вначале союзника Ленина (вплоть до их разрыва в 1909 году) и автора нескольких оригинальных теоретических работ, в которых была предпринята попытка противостоять установившейся ортодоксии плехановского марксизма. Вопрос о природе истины стал центральным в дебатах между Плехановым
и Богдановым. Главный вызов, брошенный Богдановым представителям (самопровозглашенного) «ортодоксального марксизма», был вопрос об окончательном характере марксистской теории: является ли марксизм наукой или верой? Если это наука, то она должна существовать в рамках научной теории истины и, как и в случае с любой подлинной наукой, продолжать расти и адаптироваться к меняющимся условиям исследования. Если же она является верой, набором абсолютных истин, открывшихся одному человеку (Марксу) и передаваемых его последователям через сакральные тексты и с помощью назначенных пророков, то она обладает ценностью не более, чем любая другая вера или суеверие.
Литература
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Akselrod, Lubov (1906). “Novaya raznovidnost’ revizionizma” [New kind of revision ism]. In Filosofskie ocherki [Philosophical essays], 171–85. St Petersburg: M. M. Družinina i A. N. Maksimova.
Bryant, Levi, Nick Srnicek, and Graham Harman (2011). The Speculative Turn: Continen- tal Materialism and Realism. Melbourne: re.press.
Ballestrem, Karl G. (1969). “Lenin and Bogdanov.” Studies in Soviet Thought 9.4: 283– 310.
Baron, Samuel L. (1963). Plekhanov: The Father of Russian Marxism. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Bazarov, Vladimir (1908). “Mistitsizm i realism nachego vremeni” [Mysticism and real ism of our time]. In Ocherki po filosofii marksizma [Essays on Philosophy of Marx ism], 3–71. St Petersburg: Tip. V. Bezobrazov i Ko.
Bazarov, Vladimir (1910). Na dva fronta [On two fronts]. St Petersburg: Prometei.
Biggart, John (1987). “Bukharin and the Origin of the Proletarian Culture Debate.” So- viet Studies XXXIX.2: 229–46.
Biggart, John (1992). “Bukharin’s Theory of Cultural Revolution.” In The Ideas of Nikolai Bukharin, ed. Anthony Kemp-Welch, 133–58. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Bogdanov, Alexander (1907). “Otkrytoe pismo Plekhanovu” [Open letter to Plekhanov]. Vestnik zhizni 7: 46–47.
Bogdanov, Alexander (1908). Prikliucheniia odnoi filosofskoi shkoly [Adventures of one philosophical school]. St Petersburg: Znanie.
Bogdanov, Alexander (1917). Vseobshchaya organizatsionnaya nauka (Tektologiya) [Universal organizational science (Tektology)]. Moskva: Knigoizdatel’stvo pisatelei v Moskve.
Bogdanov, Alexander (1922). Tektologiya: Vseobshchaya organizatsionnaya nauka [Tektology: Universal organizational science], Berlin: Z. I. Grzhebina.
Bogdanov, Alexander (1995). “Desyatiletie otlucheniyz ot marksizma” [Ten-year anniversary of excommunication from Marxism]. In Neizvestnyi Bogdanov, Vol. 3 [Un known Bogdanov]. Moskva: AIRO-XX.
Bogdanov, Alexander (2003). Empiriomonizm [Empiriomonism], Vol. III. Moscow: Respublica.
Bogdanov, Alexander (2010). “Vera i nauka” [Faith and science]. In Padenie velikogo fetishizma [The fall of great fetishism], 142–220. Moscow: URSS.
Bukharin, Nikolai (1925). Historical Materialism: A System of Sociology. International Publishers. https://www.marxists.org/archive//bukharin/works/1921/histmat/in dex.htm.
Cohen, Stephen F. (1973). Bukharin and the Bolshevik Revolution: A Political Biography, 1888–1938. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Deborin, Abram (1908). “Filosofia Makha i russkaia revolutsiia” [The philosophy of Mach and the Russian revolution]. Golos sotsial-demokrata 4–5: 3–12.
Engels, Frederick (1972). Socialism: Utopian and Scientific. Moscow: International Pub lishers.
Engels, Friedrich (2010). “Anti-Dühring.” In Marx & Engels Collected Works, Vol. 25, 5–309. London: Lawrence & Wishart.
Epstein, Mikhail, Alexander Genis, and Slobodanka Vladiv-Glover (1999). Russian Post-modernism: New Perspectives on Post-Soviet Culture. Trans. and ed. Slobodanka Vladiv-Glover. New York: Berghahn Books.
Hegel, G. W. F. (1977). Phenomenology of Spirit. Trans. A. V. Miller. Oxford: Oxford Uni versity Press.
Ilyenkov, Evald (1980). Leninskaya dialektika i metafizika pozitivizma [Leninist dialectics and metaphysics of positivism]. Moscow: Politizdat.
Kedrov, B. M. (1959). Kniga V. I. Lenina “Materializm i empiriokrititsizm” i sovremennoe estestvoznanie [Lenin’s “Materialism and Empiriocriticism” and contemporary natural science]. Moscow: Znanie.
Kedrov, B. M. (1983). Kak izuchat” knigu V. I. Lenina Materializm i empiriokrititsizm” [How to study Lenin’s “Materialism and empiriocriticism”]. Fourth edition. Moscow: Politizdat.
Kopnin, P. V. (1969). Filosofskie idei V. I. Lenina i logika [Lenin’s philosophical ideas and logic]. Moscow: Nauka.
Lenin, V. I. (1935). Leninskii Sbornik [Lenin miscellany], Vol. III. Ed. Lev Kamenev. Mos cow: Institut Lenina.
Lenin, V. I. (1977a). “Materialism and Empirio-criticism.” In Collected Works, Vol. 14.
Trans. Abraham Fineberg, 17–362. Moscow: Progress Publishers.
Lenin, V. I. (1977b). Collected Works, Vol. 15. Trans. Abraham Fineberg. Moscow: Prog ress Publishers.
Levant, Alex, and Vesa Oittinen, eds. (2014). Dialectics of the Ideal: Evald Ilyenkov and Creative Soviet Marxism. Leiden: Brill.
Lifschitz, Mikhail (2003). Dialog s Evaldom Ilyenkovym [The dialogue with Evald Ilyen kov]. Moscow: Progress.
Lobastov, G. V., ed. (2004). Ideal’noe: Ilyenkov i Lifschitz [The ideal: Ilyenkov and Lif schitz]. Moscow: MikronPrint.
Meillassoux, Quentin (2008). After Finitude: An Essay on the Necessity of Contingency. Trans. Ray Brassier. London: Continuum.
Menand, Louis (2016). “He’s Back.” The New Yorker (October 10): 90–97.
Minin, Sergei (1922a). “Filosofiiu za bort!” [Philosophy overboard!]. Pod znamenem marksizma [Under the banner of Marxism] 5–6:122–27.
Minin, Sergei (1922b). “Kommunizm i filosofiia” [Communism and philosophy]. Pod znamenem marksizma [Under the banner of Marxism] 11–12: 184–98.
Plekhanov, Georgi (1910). Ot oborony k napadeniyu [From defense to attack]. Moskva: Tovarishchestvo.
Plekhanov, Georgi (2004a). Selected Philosophical Works, Vol. II. Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific.
Plekhanov, Georgi (2004b). “Materialismus militans.” In Selected Philosophical Works, Vol. III, 188–283. Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific.
Steila, Daniela (1991). Genesis and Development of Plekhanov’s Theory of Knowledge. Dordrecht: Springer Science + Business Media.
Tyutyukin, S. V. (1997). G. V. Plekhanov: Sud”ba russkogo marksista [G. V. Plekhanov: The fate of a Russian Marxist]. Moscow: ROSSPEN.
Volodin, A. I. (1982). “Boi absolyunto neizbezhen” [“The battle is absolutely inevitable”]. Moscow: Izdatelstvo politicheskoi literatury.
Wark, McKenzie (2015). Molecular Red: Theory for the Anthropocene. London: Verso.
Wolfendale, Peter (2014). Object-Oriented Philosophy: The Noumenon’s New Clothes. Fal mouth: Urbanomic.
Yakhot, Yehoshua (2012). The Suppression of Philosophy in the USSR (The 1920s and 1930s). Trans. Frederick S. Choate. Oak Park, MI: Merhing Books.
Yassour, Avraham (1983). “The Empiriomonist Critique of Dialectical Materialism: Bog danov, Plekhanov, Lenin.” Studies in Soviet Thought 26: 21–38.
Yushkevich, Pavel (1909) “Na temu dnia” [On today’s topic]. In Vershiny [Heights], Book 1: 365–97.
Žižek, Slavoj (2012). Less Than Nothing: Hegel and the Shadow of Dialectical Materialism. London: Verso.
Althusser, Louis (1971). Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays. Trans. Ben Brewster. London: Monthly Review Press.
Akselrod, Lubov (1906). “Novaya raznovidnost’ revizionizma” [New kind of revision ism]. In Filosofskie ocherki [Philosophical essays], 171–85. St Petersburg: M. M. Družinina i A. N. Maksimova.
Bryant, Levi, Nick Srnicek, and Graham Harman (2011). The Speculative Turn: Continen- tal Materialism and Realism. Melbourne: re.press.
Ballestrem, Karl G. (1969). “Lenin and Bogdanov.” Studies in Soviet Thought 9.4: 283– 310.
Baron, Samuel L. (1963). Plekhanov: The Father of Russian Marxism. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Bazarov, Vladimir (1908). “Mistitsizm i realism nachego vremeni” [Mysticism and real ism of our time]. In Ocherki po filosofii marksizma [Essays on Philosophy of Marx ism], 3–71. St Petersburg: Tip. V. Bezobrazov i Ko.
Bazarov, Vladimir (1910). Na dva fronta [On two fronts]. St Petersburg: Prometei.
Biggart, John (1987). “Bukharin and the Origin of the Proletarian Culture Debate.” So- viet Studies XXXIX.2: 229–46.
Biggart, John (1992). “Bukharin’s Theory of Cultural Revolution.” In The Ideas of Nikolai Bukharin, ed. Anthony Kemp-Welch, 133–58. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Bogdanov, Alexander (1907). “Otkrytoe pismo Plekhanovu” [Open letter to Plekhanov]. Vestnik zhizni 7: 46–47.
Bogdanov, Alexander (1908). Prikliucheniia odnoi filosofskoi shkoly [Adventures of one philosophical school]. St Petersburg: Znanie.
Bogdanov, Alexander (1917). Vseobshchaya organizatsionnaya nauka (Tektologiya) [Universal organizational science (Tektology)]. Moskva: Knigoizdatel’stvo pisatelei v Moskve.
Bogdanov, Alexander (1922). Tektologiya: Vseobshchaya organizatsionnaya nauka [Tektology: Universal organizational science], Berlin: Z. I. Grzhebina.
Bogdanov, Alexander (1995). “Desyatiletie otlucheniyz ot marksizma” [Ten-year anniversary of excommunication from Marxism]. In Neizvestnyi Bogdanov, Vol. 3 [Un known Bogdanov]. Moskva: AIRO-XX.
Bogdanov, Alexander (2003). Empiriomonizm [Empiriomonism], Vol. III. Moscow: Respublica.
Bogdanov, Alexander (2010). “Vera i nauka” [Faith and science]. In Padenie velikogo fetishizma [The fall of great fetishism], 142–220. Moscow: URSS.
Bukharin, Nikolai (1925). Historical Materialism: A System of Sociology. International Publishers. https://www.marxists.org/archive//bukharin/works/1921/histmat/in dex.htm.
Cohen, Stephen F. (1973). Bukharin and the Bolshevik Revolution: A Political Biography, 1888–1938. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Deborin, Abram (1908). “Filosofia Makha i russkaia revolutsiia” [The philosophy of Mach and the Russian revolution]. Golos sotsial-demokrata 4–5: 3–12.
Engels, Frederick (1972). Socialism: Utopian and Scientific. Moscow: International Pub lishers.
Engels, Friedrich (2010). “Anti-Dühring.” In Marx & Engels Collected Works, Vol. 25, 5–309. London: Lawrence & Wishart.
Epstein, Mikhail, Alexander Genis, and Slobodanka Vladiv-Glover (1999). Russian Post-modernism: New Perspectives on Post-Soviet Culture. Trans. and ed. Slobodanka Vladiv-Glover. New York: Berghahn Books.
Hegel, G. W. F. (1977). Phenomenology of Spirit. Trans. A. V. Miller. Oxford: Oxford Uni versity Press.
Ilyenkov, Evald (1980). Leninskaya dialektika i metafizika pozitivizma [Leninist dialectics and metaphysics of positivism]. Moscow: Politizdat.
Kedrov, B. M. (1959). Kniga V. I. Lenina “Materializm i empiriokrititsizm” i sovremennoe estestvoznanie [Lenin’s “Materialism and Empiriocriticism” and contemporary natural science]. Moscow: Znanie.
Kedrov, B. M. (1983). Kak izuchat” knigu V. I. Lenina Materializm i empiriokrititsizm” [How to study Lenin’s “Materialism and empiriocriticism”]. Fourth edition. Moscow: Politizdat.
Kopnin, P. V. (1969). Filosofskie idei V. I. Lenina i logika [Lenin’s philosophical ideas and logic]. Moscow: Nauka.
Lenin, V. I. (1935). Leninskii Sbornik [Lenin miscellany], Vol. III. Ed. Lev Kamenev. Mos cow: Institut Lenina.
Lenin, V. I. (1977a). “Materialism and Empirio-criticism.” In Collected Works, Vol. 14.
Trans. Abraham Fineberg, 17–362. Moscow: Progress Publishers.
Lenin, V. I. (1977b). Collected Works, Vol. 15. Trans. Abraham Fineberg. Moscow: Prog ress Publishers.
Levant, Alex, and Vesa Oittinen, eds. (2014). Dialectics of the Ideal: Evald Ilyenkov and Creative Soviet Marxism. Leiden: Brill.
Lifschitz, Mikhail (2003). Dialog s Evaldom Ilyenkovym [The dialogue with Evald Ilyen kov]. Moscow: Progress.
Lobastov, G. V., ed. (2004). Ideal’noe: Ilyenkov i Lifschitz [The ideal: Ilyenkov and Lif schitz]. Moscow: MikronPrint.
Meillassoux, Quentin (2008). After Finitude: An Essay on the Necessity of Contingency. Trans. Ray Brassier. London: Continuum.
Menand, Louis (2016). “He’s Back.” The New Yorker (October 10): 90–97.
Minin, Sergei (1922a). “Filosofiiu za bort!” [Philosophy overboard!]. Pod znamenem marksizma [Under the banner of Marxism] 5–6:122–27.
Minin, Sergei (1922b). “Kommunizm i filosofiia” [Communism and philosophy]. Pod znamenem marksizma [Under the banner of Marxism] 11–12: 184–98.
Plekhanov, Georgi (1910). Ot oborony k napadeniyu [From defense to attack]. Moskva: Tovarishchestvo.
Plekhanov, Georgi (2004a). Selected Philosophical Works, Vol. II. Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific.
Plekhanov, Georgi (2004b). “Materialismus militans.” In Selected Philosophical Works, Vol. III, 188–283. Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific.
Steila, Daniela (1991). Genesis and Development of Plekhanov’s Theory of Knowledge. Dordrecht: Springer Science + Business Media.
Tyutyukin, S. V. (1997). G. V. Plekhanov: Sud”ba russkogo marksista [G. V. Plekhanov: The fate of a Russian Marxist]. Moscow: ROSSPEN.
Volodin, A. I. (1982). “Boi absolyunto neizbezhen” [“The battle is absolutely inevitable”]. Moscow: Izdatelstvo politicheskoi literatury.
Wark, McKenzie (2015). Molecular Red: Theory for the Anthropocene. London: Verso.
Wolfendale, Peter (2014). Object-Oriented Philosophy: The Noumenon’s New Clothes. Fal mouth: Urbanomic.
Yakhot, Yehoshua (2012). The Suppression of Philosophy in the USSR (The 1920s and 1930s). Trans. Frederick S. Choate. Oak Park, MI: Merhing Books.
Yassour, Avraham (1983). “The Empiriomonist Critique of Dialectical Materialism: Bog danov, Plekhanov, Lenin.” Studies in Soviet Thought 26: 21–38.
Yushkevich, Pavel (1909) “Na temu dnia” [On today’s topic]. In Vershiny [Heights], Book 1: 365–97.
Žižek, Slavoj (2012). Less Than Nothing: Hegel and the Shadow of Dialectical Materialism. London: Verso.
Опубликован
2017-12-18
Как цитировать
Pavlov, E. V. (2017). «Когда родился Цезарь?» Теория и практика истины у Плеханова и Богданова. Stasis, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.33280/2310-3817-2017-5-2-50-79
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